Status of Biological Studies and Aquaculture Development of the Mud Crab, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scylla serrata</Emphasis>, in China: An Experimental Ecological Studies

This is an initial paper in a series of overviews of biological research and aquaculture development of the mud crab, Scylla serrata, in China. Results of experimental ecological studies on mud crabs are reported here. As a result of these experimental studies, results that are important for mud crab culture were also discovered and these include, methods to condition and manage broodstock, determination of ecological conditions that are suitable for embryonic development, and the influence of temperature, salinity, diet and larval density on development and survival of larvae. Results of this work will be useful in establishing a good method for artificial mass culture of larvae.     

利用AFLP技术筛选锯缘青蟹性别差异DNA片段

采用高盐和酚氯仿异戊醇 (PCI)结合法提取DNA ,利用AFLP技术 ,应用 5 2个引物组合 ,检测了锯缘青蟹 (Scyllaser rata)雌雄基因组DNA的多态性 ,筛选与锯缘青蟹性别相关的分子标记。实验中共扩增出 4 312条带 ,筛选出候选差异DNA片段 74 8条。这些差异DNA片段的获得 ,为研究锯缘青蟹性别的分子标记奠定了基础     

Stocking density and artificial habitat influence stock structure and yield from intensive nursery systems for mud crabs Scylla serrata (Forsskål 1775)

Intensive nursery systems are designed to culture mud crab postlarvae through a critical phase in preparation for stocking into growout systems. This study investigated the influence of stocking density and provision of artificial habitat on the yield of a cage culture system. For each of three batches of postlarvae, survival, growth and claw loss were assessed after each of three nursery phases ending at crab instars C1/C2, C4/C5 and C7/C8. Survival through the first phase was highly variable among batches with a maximum survival of 80% from megalops to a mean crab instar of 1.5. Stocking density between 625 and 2300 m⁻² did not influence survival or growth in this first phase. Stocking densities tested in phases 2 and 3 were 62.5, 125 and 250 m⁻². At the end of phases 2 and 3, there were five instar stages present, representing a more than 20‐fold size disparity within the populations. Survival became increasingly density‐sensitive following the first phase, with higher densities resulting in significantly lower survival (phase 2: 63% vs. 79%; phase 3: 57% vs. 64%). The addition of artificial habitat in the form of pleated netting significantly improved survival at all densities. The mean instar attained by the end of phase 2 was significantly larger at a lower stocking density and without artificial habitat. No significant effect of density or habitat on harvest size was detected in phase 3. The highest incidence of claw loss was 36% but was reduced by lowering stocking densities and addition of habitat. For intensive commercial production, yield can be significantly increased by addition of a simple net structure but rapidly decreases the longer crablets remain in the nursery.     

锯缘青蟹Sox基因的PCR扩增(英文)

SRY基因(sex-determining region of the Y chromosome)是人类及哺乳动物睾丸决定因子TDF(testisdetermining factor)的最佳候选基因。SRY蛋白含有204个氨基酸,其中1个约79个氨基酸区域即HMG盒(high mobility group box)是SRY基因编码蛋白质的唯一功能区。由于SRY的发现,人们进而发现了1个庞大的与性别决定有关的SRY盒-Sox(SRY-related HMG box gene)基因家族。锯缘青蟹是我国重要的海洋经济蟹类之一,其性染色体和性别决定机制仍处于进化的早期阶段,在分子水平上探讨其性别决定机制尚不多见。通过采用PCR技术,以特异扩增人SRY基因HMG盒保守区的1对兼并引物,扩增了锯缘青蟹基因组的Sox基因。结果表明锯缘青蟹雌雄个体与人一样,均能扩增出1条大小约为216bp左右的基因片段,显示出该基因在进化上的高度保守性,为探索锯缘青蟹的性别决定机制及Sox基因的进化提供了分子资料。     

青蟹对蛋白质和脂肪的需求

在室内养殖水槽进行59 d的饲养试验以确定青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)适宜的蛋白质和脂肪需求。采用4×2的双因素的试验方法,设计4种蛋白水平(34%、38%、42%和46%)和2种脂肪水平(6%和10%)。试验锯缘青蟹初始均重为(44.5±5.1)g,每组3个重复,每个重复放养15只青蟹。结果显示,在相同脂肪水平下,饲喂42%和46%蛋白组青蟹终末体重相对高于34%和38%饲料组;在相同蛋白质水平下,饲喂6%和10%脂肪组青蟹的终末体重不存在显著差异(P>0.05);青蟹的形态学参数和生化组成不受饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平的影响。研究结果显示,青蟹饲料中最适的蛋白质和脂肪需求分别为42%~46%和6%~10%。     

A reovirus disease in cultured mud crab, Scylla serrata, in southern China

A reovirus, designated mud crab reovirus (MCRV), associated with large economic losses was recently isolated from marine cultured mud crab, Scylla serrata, in southern China. The complete viral particle is 70 nm in diameter, icosahedral and non-enveloped. The virus infects connective tissue cells of the hepatopancreas, gills and intestine in mud crab and develops in the cytoplasm. Hundred per cent mortality was observed in mud crab experimentally infected by intramuscular injection, bath inoculation and oral inoculation, while cohabitation infection caused 80% mortality. The viral genome consists of 13 linear dsRNA segments, with an electrophoretic pattern 1/5/7. The results of this study suggest that the virus is highly pathogenic and can be transmitted enterically as well as via the body surface of mud crab. Although the genomic organization of this virus is different from that of the other crab reoviruses, CcRV-W2 and DpPV, all three of these reoviruses have similar electrophoresis patterns. Therefore, MCRV may be a new member of the DpPV and CcRV-W2 group.     

饲料糖脂比对拟穴青蟹仔蟹生长性能、体组成和消化酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料糖脂比对拟穴青蟹仔蟹生长性能、体组成和消化酶活性的影响。以初始体重为(41.4±0.3)mg的拟穴青蟹仔蟹为试验对象,分别投喂糖脂比为0.54、0.88、1.39、2.08和3.50的等氮(约44%)等能(约19.5 MJ/kg)饲料3周。结果表明:1)饲料糖脂比对拟穴青蟹仔蟹的终末平均体重(FABW)、成活率(SR)、增重率(WGR)以及特定生长率(SGR)均有显著影响(P0.05)。随着饲料糖脂比的增大,拟穴青蟹仔蟹的FABW、SR、WGR以及SGR均呈先升高后降低的趋势,且均是糖脂比1.39试验组最高,显著高于糖脂比0.54和3.50试验组(P0.05)。2)饲料糖脂比对拟穴青蟹仔蟹的水分、粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量没有显著影响(P0.05),而对粗脂肪含量的影响显著(P0.05),糖脂比0.54试验组的脂肪含量最高,显著高于糖脂比2.08和3.50试验组(P0.05)。3)饲料糖脂比对拟穴青蟹仔蟹的淀粉酶活性没有显著影响(P0.05),但显著影响蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性(P0.05)。随着饲料糖脂比的增大,蛋白酶活性呈先增大后减小的趋势,脂肪酶活性呈降低的趋势,糖脂比1.39试验组的蛋白酶活性显著高于其他试验组(P0.05),糖脂比0.54和0.88试验组的脂肪酶活性显著高于糖脂比2.08和3.50试验组(P0.05)。以增长率为评价指标,经回归分析得出拟穴青蟹仔蟹饲料的适宜糖脂比为2.07。     

饲料脂肪水平对拟穴青蟹仔蟹生长性能、体组成及消化酶活性的影响

本试验以初始体重为(0.042±0.002)g的拟穴青蟹仔蟹为研究对象,以鱼油和大豆油(1∶1)为脂肪源,配制脂肪水平分别为1.93%、3.95%、6.35%、8.14%、10.54%、12.30%、14.22%(实测值)的7种等氮等能试验饲料,养殖期为3周,用以研究饲料脂肪水平对拟穴青蟹仔蟹生长性能、体组成及消化酶活性的影响。每100只拟穴青蟹仔蟹为1个重复,每3个重复饲喂1种试验饲料。结果表明:1)饲料脂肪水平对拟穴青蟹仔蟹的增重率和特定生长率有显著影响(P0.05)。随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,增重率和特定生长率均呈先增后降的趋势,在饲料脂肪水平为8.14%时,增重率和特定生长率达到最大值。二次曲线回归分析确定当增重率达到最大值时,饲料脂肪水平为7.52%。拟穴青蟹仔蟹的成活率在饲料脂肪水平为14.22%的组最低,显著低于其余各组(P0.05)。2)饲料脂肪水平对全蟹中粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量有影响显著(P0.05)。全蟹粗蛋白质含量随着饲料脂肪水平的升高先升后降,在饲料脂肪水平为8.14%的组全蟹粗蛋白质含量达到最高;全蟹粗脂肪含量则随着饲料脂肪水平的升高而持续上升,在饲料脂肪水平为14.22%的组全蟹粗脂肪含量达到最高。饲料脂肪水平对全蟹中水分和粗灰分含量没有显著影响(P0.05)。3)随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,拟穴青蟹仔蟹蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均呈先增后降的趋势,3种酶活性的最大值均出现在饲料脂肪水平为8.14%的组。由此得出,以增重率为评价指标,拟穴青蟹仔蟹饲料中最适脂肪水平为7.52%。     

Quality assessment of newly hatched mud crab,Scylla serrata,larvae

Starvation and exposure to formalin were investigated as possible stress tests for evaluating the quality of mud crab, Scylla serrata, larvae. For the starvation stress test, newly hatched zoeae stocked in 150‐ml containers were either starved or fed rotifers. Similarly, newly hatched zoeae were stocked in containers with seawater of 0 (control), 20, 30 and 40 mg/L formalin for the formalin stress test. The zoeae from the same batches were used for seed production to monitor their performance and validate the results of stress tests. Starvation was found to be unsuitable for larval quality evaluation. However, the impact of initial food deprivation on the newly hatched larvae indicates that feeding immediately after hatching is necessary for mud crab larvae. Exposure of larvae to 40 mg/L formalin for 3 hr appeared to be a reliable and practical method for larval quality assessment as the survival of larvae in the mass production tanks validated the classification of good and poor quality batches in the stress tests. On this basis, a hatchery operator can decide which batch should be cultured further. Finally, there appears to be a link between the quality of larvae and the performance at the megalopa and early juvenile crabs.